Education Theory Essay

English Language Learner (ELL), English as Second Language (ESL), and English as Foreign Language (EFL) are the teaching and learning strategies of English language for students whose first language other than language. The complexities and technicalities of English Language often confuse students having non-English background and especially those who live in non-English speaking countries (Ferris and Hedgcock, 1998). ELL, ESL, EFL and similar courses are designed to help students to enroot themselves in the basics and essentials of English from beginning. Importance of ELL Globalization has seen English becoming the language with maximum reach and influence, and it is taught in many nations as the second language. With English becoming the international language of commerce, business, law, technology and medicine, it is has become an essential career and communication tool. Estimates are that around 1. 5 billion people around the world, out of which more than 70 percent are non-native speakers of English, use English as a language of communication (Ferris and Hedgcock, 1998). In consequence there are host of full-fledged academies and dedicated institutions in many non English-speaking countries that design curriculum and try to select most appropriate course material to impart English communication skills to students (Gass and Schachter, 1996). On a secondary and more immediate level, there is a continuous influx of foreign nationals in USA and many of them lack formal communication training in English. The foreign nationals and students, who come to USA in thousands every year, share a combined language background of more than 1000 languages. The individual background of foreign nations s acts as a hindrance in their amalgamation with their immediate surrounding and culture, and presents the image of USA as an alien nation (Messerschmitt Vandrick and Hafernik, 1996). This obviously requires designing a comprehensive and all assimilating learning procedure that can act as cultural and linguistic melting pot. In this respect ELL assumes a very important role, providing a crucial cross over opportunity to foreign students, imparting the necessary communication learning and teaching that is essential for their survival in the generally English surrounding (Messerschmitt Vandrick and Hafernik, 1996). Theories in ELL designing Most of the students passing through traditional ELL courses have reported difficulty in actual understanding of content and implications of English language when they face it in the real life situation. In this perspective, researchers have theorized that by observing the model of English education imparted in native English speaking countries and modeling the ELL courses on those parameters (Messerschmitt Vandrick and Hafernik, 1996). The most prevalent and popular pedagogy model observed for native students showed that students were required to study novels, short stories, literature work, and were required to devote their time to writing. The formal schooling requires students to get well versed in descriptive, narrative, argumentative and imaginative style of writing (Gass and Schachter, 1996). These models also required students to undertake discussion and expositions on the literature material they covered during the course along with developing their own text, expressing their own ideas and reviewing and analyzing other works. Most of the major educational institutions have started following this process-oriented approach in language education that makes learning of language as a non-directional endeavor, enabling students to develop their inner thinker and writer and empowering them to imbibe, rather than learn, English language (Ferris and Hedgcock, 1998). Since 1980s, researchers have found that ELL methods succeeded mostly for students who were encouraged to develop a cognitive and create approach towards English through the process of writing (Messerschmitt Vandrick and Hafernik, 1996). Writing helps students to think originally, compose ideas in a logical way, transfer the essential communication strategies to students and enable them to develop a reflective intuition on interpretation of English text and language. There are a number of additional studies and researches to prove that learning strategies that are based on the model of primary education techniques have been successful in creating the most effective set of models (Gass and Schachter, 1996).

Clinical Nursing Essay

Introduction Nurses utilize multiple theories daily to care for patients and their families, though these theories range from grand, to situation-specific, to mid-range the nurse tends to focuses on which theory will provide the best care to his/her patient. Perhaps in my opinion mid-range theories with their growing frequency of use are best suited for nursing in the 21st century. Mid-range theories are said to be middle rather than ordinary but they are specific enough to evaluate observed situations (McCurry, Revell, &Roy, 2009). There are multiple reasons why mid-range theories offer some of the most up to date information when it comes to the care of our patients and families, but let’s just break it down to three; interpersonal relations, family, and health promotion. The middle range theories of these three examples will provide a set of assumptions and/or predictions from specific situations confirmed by research (Nolan & Grant, 1991). Interpersonal relations First, Hildegard Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations has influenced patient care in the 21st century worldwide. What is so crucial and probably most significant with this mid-range theory is its focus on human issues and its value of future generations (Barker, 1998). Nurses utilize this theory to treat each patient as an individual realizing that each person and their situation are unique. By applying this knowledge to each patient the nurse is able to develop a therapeutic relationship, which will promote the planning and implementation of nursing care. For nursing care to be successful they must view the nurse/patient relationship as a partnership being aware both are working together for a common goal (Barker, 1998). Also, interpersonal relations are used in all areas of nursing, which is why it is so important for the future of nursing, because without these relationships we would not be effective in our profession. These relationships are needed to expand our know ledge of each patient and their situation. By establishing trust the patients are encouraged to express themselves openly and honestly. Therefore the relationship built bridges barriers that may have hindered the patient outcome. Family Second, Hildegard Peplau’s mid-range theory of family systems has revolutionized the nursing approach in which families are incorporated into decision makers. Currently, families are viewed as the most influenecial person when it comes to the care of their loved one, meaning not only are nurses to build a therapeutic relationship and trust with the patient but with their family as well (Forchuck & Dorsay, 1995). This theory molds nurses into advocates for the family unit, which in turn influences the patient’s quality of life. These relationships with families are crucial when it comes to care, for example, if a patient was unable to provide the nurse with health history or tell them when they are in pain the family is able to be the eyes, ears and speech of their loved one. This action improves the care for the patient and nurses need the families as much as the patient needs the nurse. This is one of the reason’s why this theory works in the 21st century even w ith all the technology in the world, we as nurses still need the human interaction to open our eyes to the patient/family dynamic. Family system nursing is both the individual and the family simultaneously instead of just merely family nursing where the nurse takes care of the patient within the context of the family (Forchuck & Dorsay, 1995). This practice focuses on the interactions and relationships made between the nurse, individual and family. In order for this theory to be successful the nurse must be aware of the range of choices and downfalls associated with family system nursing. Also it is necessary to build on these relationships to provide creative personal choice and consistent flow of care for the patient to enhanced achievable goals. This engagement of nursing with family systems opens the door for problem solving of patient situations, which implements structure in the nurse/individual/family relationship (Forchuck & Dorsay, 1995). Health promotion Third, is the promotion and maintenance of health by utilizing Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Model. Health promoting behavior is enhanced through nursing practice, which enhances the patient’s overall well being. This mid-range theory is important today because it guides a supportive and educative system in health promotion in a patient who needs teaching and  demonstration in performing self-care. By applying this method the nurse is able to identify patient’s health promoting behavior’s such as, health importance, self-efficacy, perceived control of health and perceived health status to find any gaps and/or barriers to their health promoting behavior (Simmons, 1990). By promoting health the nurse seeks to care for the individual by developing these behaviors of healthy living, which sets the stage for the individuals to gain knowledge to care for themselves. This applies to all nurses who actively promote healthy living by becoming an active influence in developing healthy living behaviors through education and guidance. Conclusion These middle range theories set the groundwork for research. Each are utilized daily in clinical practice to provide the best patient care. The rationale for considering the middle range theories is an important factor when considering a care plan, which requires the use of the nursing process. These theories follow the nursing process and help guide our responses to promote, educate, integrate and build relationships with these individuals and their families with the same common goal of promoting health. These authors point out how the nursing profession is influential in the care of other and how their actions influence health beliefs. These middle range theories build on other theories, which is why they are so important in nursing practice today. These theories can be used in different areas of nursing as well as using multiple theories in one area of nursing such as mental health. Also, middle range theories have identified multiple interventions for health related issues throug h simple research (McCurry et al., 2009). Nurses like myself have adopted these theories and incorporate them into daily practice to increase my own understanding of my patient and their situations and this is why I chose middle range theories. References Barker, P. (1998). The future of the Theory of Interpersonal Relations? A personal reflection on Peplau’s legacy. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 5, 213-220. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2850.1998.00128.x Forchuk, C. & Dorsay, J. (1995). Hildegard Peplau meets family systems nursing: innovation in theory-based practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 21, 110-115. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1995.21010110.x McCurry, M. & Roy, C. (2009). Knowledge for the good of the individual and society: linking philosophy, disciplinary goals, theory, and practice. Nursing Philosophy, 11, 42-52. doi:10.1111/j.1466769X.2009.00423.x Nolan, M. & Grant, G. (1992). Mid-range theory building and the nursing theory-practice gap: a respite care case study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17, 217-223. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1992.tb01876.x Simmons, S. (1990). The Health-Promoting Self-Care System Model: directions for nursing research and practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 15, 1162-1166. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2646.1990.tb01708.x

Environment assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environment - Assignment Example Soft energy sources are more sustainable however, as they rely on inexhaustible sources of power compared to hard energy. Once established, soft energy sources are more environment friendly as they do not rely on the burning of fossil fuels or produce deadly by-products like oil-fed engines and nuclear power plants. Soft energy development looks at energy efficiency and utilizes less power as those produced from hard energy sources. To reduce energy use from conventional sources on the property, the first step is to insulate my house to improve heating and lessen the need for heaters. The next step is to install solar power cells on the roof of the house for electricity. A solar water heater (NREL) will also be installed to heat water. Larger insulated windows will be installed in strategic areas of the house to reduce the need for the use of electric light sources during daytime as the windows will serve brighten the interiors of the house. A study of the direction of prevailing winds will be done and some tree will be cut down to clear wind channels in the forest towards windmills which I will construct near the house. These windmills can power generators and can be set-up to pump water from water wells. I will set aside an area where I can cut down trees to use for fuel in the winter months to power the heater and for cooking. Cut down trees will be replanted. Construction of dams have associated environmental impacts such as loss of farm lands, loss of vegetation and biodiversity, sanitation and solid waste disposal, air, water and noise pollution, and impact on river ecology (Byaruhanga et al.). In order to minimize these effects, safeguards and mitigation measures must be applied during the construction phase. Some mitigating measures which could be undertaken during construction is the replanting of vegetation in other areas to minimize vegetation loss; avoidance of environmentally critical

Final Exam News Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Final Exam News Story - Essay Example America stood as a land of opportunities for Americans as well as immigrants and the only notion was struggle and hard work behind getting success. However, American dream in reality was only a dream. No matter how long and how hard people struggled for attaining the impossible, they never reached their destiny and failed the American dream. They faced unequal opportunities for attaining education, employment, status, economic prosperity, health and other survival concerns. Students such as Steward Michael, Oliver James and Tom Michael complain about increasing educational expenses. Education is getting expensive and the poor face issues in getting higher degrees. Students whether they are eligible or not attain admission in reputable private educational institutions if they are able to pay the expenses. Otherwise, many students have to earn for paying for the educational expenses. The students who are poor themselves or come from poor backgrounds have to work more for gathering the tuition fees and other college and university expenses. Deparle in his New York Times article, â€Å"For Poor, Leap to College Often Ends in a Hard Fall† narrates the account of Angelica Gonzales, a Mexican American girl along with two others, Melissa O’Neal and Bianca Gonzalez who came of lacking backgrounds. They were low-income students and as per the author of the article, the low-income students are a threat to the American dream because they end up in having incomplete education with debts to settle by earning for paying the debts (Deparle). For them, the American dream is really endangering, as they are not able to get to their destined future; however, instead, they get trapped in harsh circumstances for leading their lives. Economic and educational inequality and increasing expenses keep the low-income students in getting to their desired place. Michael Cohen in his article, â€Å"The American Dream is now just that for its middle classes – a

Rock and Roll Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rock and Roll - Essay Example Rock and roll lyrics in the early 60’s were mostly inclined towards love; nevertheless, numerous other themes were addressed either independently from or alongside romance. A noteworthy element of rock and roll in the 60s was that it was markedly inclined towards the musicality and authenticity of ideology unlike other genres such as pop. During this period, several other music varieties emerged bearing a distinctive rock music sub-genre feel such as RnB Folk rock and Jazz fusion among others. The period also saw the development of more specific music types such as progressive rock, this particular genre majored on artistic elements while glam rock could be said to emphasize showmanship as well as the visual technique. Notably, the diverse and enduring major sub-genre that is heavy metal has retained most of its initial attributes also was also introduced around this time, unlike the others it focused on the volume power as well as speed. Fashion In 1999, the metropolitan muse um of Art acknowledged the role played by rock music in fashion in an exhibition running from up to 2000 in which the significant stages in rock and roll fashion were on display (Vogue, n.d). Fashion is one of the most important art forms and so is music as such it was only natural that the two are merged and the impact of the unity of the two was seen in performance of rock and roll from the onset. In its advent, the influence of rock and roll in fashion was seen in the clothes popularized by the early rock stars; Elvis Presley had his blue suede shoes, the Beatles in the British invasion brought with them their hairstyle, which influenced the American hair fashion sense for decades (Gritten, 1994). In addition, Motley Crue’s Nikki Sixx and many others then also inspired tattoos that came in vogue around. In the 60’s, musical groups would wear stage uniforms made in expensive materials for stage performances and they would be identified with their particular looks whi ch their fans often copied. In the mid 60’s, the rolling stones showed up and they introduced the tough leather wearing street image and are credited with being the first to cast aside the group fashion mentality. Each of them adopted his own style and they did not have to conform to a specific dress code or uniform, this spawned a myriad of fashion trends and actually brought about a split in the cultural scene where there were two groups, the mods and rocker. The former preferred expensive high end clothing and rockers went for jeans and t-shirts, the rockers clearly won in and even today, the fashion trend which they set in the 60’s is still dominant today among both artists and in the fashion industry. In addition, the late sixties, rockers embraced the hippie fashion, wore jeans, tie, and dye t-shirts, which became totem of the 1960s fashion. In the 70’s, when disco hits became popular the urban styles that were the epitome of fashion took a firm hold on to day’s world and have continued to evolve over the years. Grudge was popularized by bands such as nirvana, which were characterized by a gothic look that is a major part of today’s performance of rock music both on stage and on the digital media. Surprisingly, todays rock stars such as Bon Jovi have not moved too far away from the 70s and 80s fashion and in his videos such â€Å"We weren’t born to follow† there is a distinct similarity between the rock stars in their faded jeans and t-shirts to their forerunners decades ago. In addition, the individuality that sparked off by the rolling stones

The conduct of modern business will improve if more high level jobs Essay

The conduct of modern business will improve if more high level jobs are gven to women - Essay Example ore gender equal work environment, it is still the case that it is the men who are dominating the workplace, in particular, the higher level positions. Nonetheless, women’s capacity in the workplace should not be overlooked because they can do the same as men in the conduct of business. In fact, women have showed their competitiveness in the field of business (Lowrey, 2006; Evans, 2008). In this regard, this paper shall delve on establishing why the presence of women in high level jobs improves the conduct of modern business. According to Lowrey (2006), there are more women than men participating in the labor force of professional occupations including professional, financial, management and business professions. Nonetheless, even if this is the case, gender inequality remains in this male-dominated society in which we live. The reality is that more men occupy the top management positions in companies than women (Desvaux, Devillard-Hollinger, & Baumgarten, 2007; Desvaux, Devillard, & Sancier-Sultan, 2010). Even if it is the case that the number of female graduates from the university has increased, still it would not close the gender gap in the management functions (Desvaux et al., 2007). Competence is not an issue because women can do the same as men in the field of business. As a matter of fact, success in business is not a concern if it is the women who handle it. If high proportion of women occupy the top management positions in companies, the conduct of modern business may perform even better (Desvaux et al., 2007; Desvaux et al., 2010). Desvaux et al. (2007) and Desvaux et al. (2010) found out in their studies that the presence of women positively affects the excellent performance of organizations. The companies with more women representing the top management levels are observed to be the businesses which have better performance at the financial level. The companies which perform at their best are those who are most strongly represented by women at the

The Euorpean Gypsy Moth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Euorpean Gypsy Moth - Essay Example Firstly, being voracious eaters they feed extensively on the leaves of trees such as firs and spruce thereby completely destroying the foliage. Such repeated instances of foliage destruction may lead to death of the trees. Secondly, these moths also affect the water quality as well. The moths feed on tree leaves and their droppings fall into the streams and water bodies thereby increasing the organic matter in the water thereby leading to algal blooms. It is not only the environment that is affected but the moth also causes economic losses as well. Timber is lost as the moth destroys woodland as well as ornamental trees and thereby causes monetary loss. Another monetary loss is the financial costs incurred while trying to cope up with the moth infestation (Moellar,1977). However, after the advancement in the field of biotechnology, B.thuringiensis is deemed as the best management for gypsy moth. The bacterium produces a Bt toxin which on entering the moth’s body destroys the gut of the moth and thereby keeps them under control. The pros of using Bt against gypsy is that it works well in controlling the moth population and is cost effective. However, since Bt is non-specific it may harm other non-target organisms as well. Moreover, health impacts have been seen among ground workers (Wronski,1997). "http://worldcat.org/oclc/774038619:##: The Use of Bacillus Thuringiensis Kurstaki for Managing Gypsy Moth Populations Under the Slow the Spread Program, 1996-2010, Relative to the Distributional Range of Threatened and Endangered Species. Newton Square, PA: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2011. Internet resource. :##:Blackburn, Laura." N.p., Web.

Accounting Scandals Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Accounting Scandals - Case Study Example Refco became a public company on August 11, 2005 when a large number of shares were floated to the public to raise 583 million dollars. In October, the Company's financial crisis was made public through an announcement that the CEO, Philip R Bennett had concealed as much as 545 million dollars in bed debts from the Company's investors and auditors by keeping them off the account books, in order to artificially inflate earnings and boost up the Company's stock price.(White and O'Hara 2005:D01). This anomaly in the accounts was discovered during a process of internal review which was carried out over the preceding weekend. Refco's stock prices plunged immediately once the announcement was made, resulting in losses of more than $1 billion in shareholder value, with its bonds also plummeting to insolvency levels.(White and O'Hara 2005:D01).The Company reportedly engaged in a series of circular transactions, whereby an unnamed business entity owned by Mr. Bennett was buying off Refco's bad debts at every quarter, so that they did not show up on Refco's books. The unidentified company owned by Mr. Bennett assumed those deb ts of third parties which were likely to be difficult or impossible to collect (Teather, 2005). The Chairman arranged for a Refco subsidiary, Refco Capital Markets to lend money to a hedge fund company named Liberty Corner Capital, which in turn lent the money to Refco Group Holdings, which paid off the debt to Refco Inc.(White and O'Hara 2005:D01). In this way, at the end of every quarter when accounting statements became due, debt was temporarily moved off Refco's books and onto Liberty's account. Such accounting scandals generate fears of a liquidity squeeze and market contagion, highlighting the need for tighter regulation and higher levels of disclosure and transparency in hedge funds (The Herald 2005). Accountants and banks are being sued as a part of the shareholder class action suits against Refco, because the circular pattern of transactions which occurred regularly at the end of every fiscal quarter and then unwound after the quarters ended were themselves a warning alarm bell which should have sounded in the minds of auditors and accountants (White and O'Hara 2005:D01). Goldman Sachs, CSFB and other leading investment banks are being sued for negligence in underwriting and advising on Refco's float issue and on its bond issues, which led to the perpetration of accounting fraud.(Walsh, 2005). Refco Capital Markets is at the centre of the regulatory investigations, because this was the corporate entity through which Bennett was able to receive loan funds, which were hidden from Company auditors and officers. A commodity funds Company is suing Refco for diverting its assets to an insolvent entity like Refco Capital markets, while senior executives at an Australian bank, Bawag, are also being scrutinized for their role in the scandal, because the bank approved a loan of 420 million dollars which was just prior to the accounting manipulation that was taking place.(Fortune, 2006:5) The Polly Peck Scandal: Polly Peck was initially a small clothing company on the London stock exchange which did not demonstrate any remarkable profits, but its fortunes began to change when it came under the management of Asil Nadir, a Turkish businessman, in 1980. Over the next ten years, the Company experienced an unprecedented level of growth. In 1980, it also moved into the fruit packing business through a public share funded acquisition of Uni-Pac, which was a company already owned by Nadir.(Wearing, 2005: 41). The move away from clothing into fruit packing represented a risk for the

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Marketing - Essay Example On the contrary, it was one of the private hospitals in the locality. The puzzle lies behind how they obtain their data in order to support their advertisement. This is in consideration of the fact that the economy is not doing well currently and that sales representatives can be very aggressive at times promising what they cannot deliver. I made an order for a customized procedure tray for catheterizations where one company claimed they could supply a similar pack for a considerable savings. The purchasing department was behind this persuasive decision even though more was involved. In case one could pick on a firm that is receptive to their needs in a prompt manner then it might be unwise to merely change for price. Sales agents have modified their strategies. Some use the strategy of ‘wine and dine’ among the physicians and staff with an aim of getting their products to the consumers. However, with the new regulations these strategies can no longer work. In response, the marketers become too aggressive Pauline (Norris, et al., 2004). I happen to have a friend who sells pharmaceutical products since he was compelled to change careers at 45. Besides, both of our boys play football, but on the contrary, instead of sitting down to watch my son play football in his practice, I had to listen to him narrate one of his cardiology products. Even though I could let him get into my hospital to talk to the cardiologists, this was not the right time and place. My realization was that it was not important to him because he was not familiar enough with my health concerns. He was only making an effort to give it a try. This is evidence of the fact a majority of the sales agents in health care use the pushy approach. My experience with the sales representatives is formidable where some claim they would have dropped down considering they had had enough. Nevertheless, I would reason with them on the importance of making an appointment if they were eager to talk to me. This is in consideration of the fact that deadlines are hard to meet given the constant interruptions from the sales agents. Opinion on Whether the Current Marketing Techniques Are Affecting Consumer Trends According to Frankish, Moulton and Diane (2000), marketing techniques have a significant influence on the consumer trends. In my opinion, the internet has a great role in affecting these trends. Consumers might see an advert or a new medication stating that a certain hospital may treat particular conditions better than another. Instead of literally accepting the commercial as simple truth, the consumers have the potential to conduct their research on the internet and seek opinions from their physicians. This is a clear evidence of the data on physicians’ licensure, the extreme effects and speed of success and complications. Consumers have an opportunity to establish their health conditions and determine where they can find the best facility that can treat their diseas es. Let’s have a look at this scenario: My father in-law lived in Virginia. He developed esophageal cancer. He did a research over the internet on the best facilities that had the most experienced and best record with this ailment before settling on the John Hopkins Hospital in Maryland. Thereafter, he relocated to Maryland for some time to obtain treatment and every member of the family took a week off each at a time to look after him.